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Oral hairy leukoplakia are hairy, plaque-type, white-coloured lesions, presenting symmetrically on the sides of the tongue. Their presence can be the first oral manifestation of an HIV infection, with which they are markedly associated. A diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia must be distinguished from idiopathic leukoplakia or hyperkeratosis related to chronic trauma (e.g....

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an autoimmune pathology, forming erosive/ulcerative lesions which are termed aphthae. Clinically, three variants can be distinguished: minor, major and herpetiform.In the minor form ulceration is small in size, less than 1 cm and surrounded by an erythematous ring with a fibrinous membrane. Minor form aphthae are present on non-keratinised...

Aphthous-like lesions are erosive or ulcerative lesions with erythematous margins and a fibrinous surface. They occur as single or multiple lesions, recurring cyclically and they are particularly painful and burning in nature, above all when coming into contact with food or irritating substances. If a diagnosis of primary aphthous stomatitis is excluded, the...

Migrating glossitis or stomatitis is also defined as ‘geographic tongue’ or ‘migrating erythema’; it is a developmental defect whose cause is still unknown. Migrating glossitis presents with erythematous areas (patches or plaques) on the upper surface of the tongue, where there is a loss of lingual papillae, and it is surrounded by whitish margins...

Syphilitic leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque, which cannot be removed. It can be found in patients with bacterial infections of Treponema pallidum. Syphilitic leukoplakia is an expression of tertiary syphilis in the oral cavity and it can become potentially malignant. Treatment of the primary infectious disease is mandatory.

Oral squamous-cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of oral cancer, affecting predominantly more males aged between 50 and 70 years. The main, predisposing and known factors are tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, betel, chewing tobacco) and alcohol. Other factors can include: pre-existing lesions (potentially malignant disorders – erythroleukoplakia, leuokoplakia, lichenoid dysplasia), chronic trauma (e.g....

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, systemic pathology with an autoimmune pathogenesis, characterised by variable development and prognosis. From an epidemiological point of view, its frequency varies throughout the world and it affects between 20 to 70 cases out of every 100.000. As is the case with other autoimmune diseases, SLE...

Lichenoid lesions include a broad group of oral mucosa lesions which share clinical characteristics and histological criteria with Oral Lichen Planus (OLP); although the infiltrate is mixed (plasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils)The etiology of OLL is usually identifiable and are indicative of disease or different, localised conditions.  The best known lichenoid lesions (LL) are:-...

Lesion clinically appearing as a red-coloured (erosion, ulcer, bulla), occurring after contact with a external (e.g. pencil, screwdriver) or internal traumatic agent (e.g. food, an unsuitable filling or fractured teeth/residual root). Once the agent has been identified, its elimination is advisable and the application of a hyaluronic gel with amino acids. If the...

Erythroplakia is a bright red patch or plaque, due to de-epithelization of the superficial layers of the mucosa; the latter permit the underlying vascular bed to breathe.  It could be mixed to withish lesions (erythroplakia). It is soft and velvety in texture, flat or slightly depressed, asymptomatic, and it cannot be connected to any...