APP

Frictional keratosis presents as a white lesion (macule or plaque) determined by repeatedly trauma, in turn caused by particularly sharp dentures, ill-fitting dentures or poor oral habits (e.g. biting the cheek), leading to a reaction of the mucosa in the oral cavity. The production of keratin is increased in areas which are not generally...

Syphilitic leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque, which cannot be removed. It can be found in patients with bacterial infections of Treponema pallidum. Syphilitic leukoplakia is an expression of tertiary syphilis in the oral cavity and it can become potentially malignant. Treatment of the primary infectious disease is mandatory.

Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune diseases which affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is chronic and occurs in male and female patients between 40 and 60 years of age. The antigens targeted by the auto-antibodies are components of intercellular adhesion, namely desmosomes. Specifically, autoantibodies are formed against desmoglein 3, which is...

Cysts are lesions which are characterised by a liquid-filled sac, which is covered by an internal, epithelial wall and external, connective shell. They develop following a degenerative mechanism which causes the activation of epithelial residues located in the jawbone. There exists a wide variety of clinical forms of cysts, which are differentiated by:...

An eruptive cyst is a benign lesion normally associated with tooth eruption. On the basis of the current World Health Organisation classification (WHO) of cysts of the oral cavity, an eruptive cyst is categorised separately from an odontogenous cyst; the former develops around the crown of an unerupted tooth at the level of the...

Herpes Zoster is an infection which is caused by the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), a virus which is highly contagious when airborne or in direct contact with the patient. It lives in a latent form in the dorsal spinal ganglia. Chickenpox is the primary infection of this virus and it typically occurs in...

Sarcomas are tumours which are generally malignant and they originate in connective tissue; they metastasize via the circulatory system. Sarcomas are rare types of neoplasia with a particularly grave prognosis. In the oral and maxilla-facial areas they represent less of 1% of malignant cancers.Fibrosarcoma. Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumour of fibroblasts, occurring...

Idiopathic leukoplakia is a white-greyish lesion (patch or plaque), which cannot be removed, being asymptomatic and devoid of pathology. It mainly concern males between 30 and 60 years of age. Typically, the leukoplakia is situated on the underside/margins of the tongue, the floor of the oral cavity but also on the buccal...

Oral squamous-cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of oral cancer, affecting predominantly more males aged between 50 and 70 years. The main, predisposing and known factors are tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, betel, chewing tobacco) and alcohol. Other factors can include: pre-existing lesions (potentially malignant disorders – erythroleukoplakia, leuokoplakia, lichenoid dysplasia), chronic trauma (e.g....

Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a heterogeneous group of chronic, autoimmune, subepithelial, blistering diseases which predominantly involve the mucous membranes (mainly oral and ocular) and occasionally the skin. It is chronic with an autoimmune aetiology, rather rare, and more common in patients between 50 and 70 years of age, especially females. Its pathology...