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Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune diseases which affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is chronic and occurs in male and female patients between 40 and 60 years of age. The antigens targeted by the auto-antibodies are components of intercellular adhesion, namely desmosomes. Specifically, autoantibodies are formed against desmoglein 3, which is...

Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a heterogeneous group of chronic, autoimmune, subepithelial, blistering diseases which predominantly involve the mucous membranes (mainly oral and ocular) and occasionally the skin. It is chronic with an autoimmune aetiology, rather rare, and more common in patients between 50 and 70 years of age, especially females. Its pathology...

Linear IgA disease is also known as linear IgA bullous dermatosis; it is a rare, chronic, autoimmune pathology, affecting the skin and mucous membrane. It is subdivided into two types depending on the age of onset: adult and child bullous IgA dermatosis. As stated, this pathology is extremely rare and occurs mainly in China...

An amalgam tattoo is a pigmentation of the mucosa, situated near to amalgam restoration (also if the latter is not more present). On degrading, the amalgam products are deposited between the keratinocyte tissue, thereby producing an abnormal, greyish colouration of the tissue. This is totally asymptomatic, only requiring treatment for aesthetic reasons.

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is dark pigmentation of the mucosa of the oral cavity, which can appear following inflammation (e.g. inflammatory disease as oral Lichen Planus); it is due to an abnormal stimulation of melanocytes.  It often presents on the lips and the buccal mucosa with irregular margins, differentiated color and is of variable dimensions. Post-inflammatory...

A macula is a pigmented lesion, varying in colour, well-defined, not prominent, haematic or determined by an accumulation of pigments, less than 5 mm in diameter.

Lentigo simplex is a spot which can appear throughout the oral mucosa, at any age in genetically-disposed patients. It is not a pathological lesion but an excessive production of melanin by melanocytes. The spots are rounded, varying in colour from a hazelnut brown to dark brown, not exceeding 0.5cm in diameter. Their removal...

A melanocytic nevus is a benign neoformation of the mucosa which presents as a patch, varying in colour from hazelnut brown to dark brown. It is secondary to the hyper-proliferation of melanocytes. Melanocytic nevus can be congenital or acquired and distinguished on a morpho-genetic basis as: junctional nevus (the proliferation of neoplastic melanocytes...

Melanoma is a malignant neoplasm, originating from melanocytes; it can occur on the skin, the mucosa and the eye. It occurs rarely in the mouth, appearing as a rather dark, pigmented lesion (macula), which is asymptomatic in the initial phases. Subsequently, it can cause blood loss, a loosening of the teeth, swelling...

Many drugs or molecules (including amiodarone, ketoconazolo, tetracycline and chlorhexidine) have been associated with the presence of pigmented lesion in the oral cavity. From a pathogenetic point of view, the mechanisms by which this lesion can co-exist varies: 1) a direct depositing on the oral surface; 2) a peripheral accumulation after systemic absorption;...